How France helped build Israel’s nuclear capability and turned the Algerian Sahara into an atomic laboratory
The history of the nuclear age is usually told as the story of superpower rivalry, Cold War strategy and the balance of terror. Yet behind this official narrative lies a far less discussed chapter: the decisive role played by France in the emergence of Israel’s nuclear program, and the use of the Algerian Sahara as a testing ground for atomic experimentation. The silence surrounding this history is not accidental. It is…
